Microcontrollers
Microcontrollers are compact integrated circuits designed to govern a specific operation in an embedded system. They function as the brain of an electronic device, executing programmed instructions to control other components. A microcontroller typically includes a processor, memory, and input/output peripherals on a single chip. Operating on a basic principle, microcontrollers read inputs from sensors or user interfaces, process this data using their central processing unit (CPU), and then deliver outputs to actuators or displays, effectively managing the device's operations.
Microprocessors
Microprocessors are the central processing units (CPUs) of embedded systems, acting as the brain of these devices. They execute a sequence of stored instructions called a program, which processes data and controls other components of the system. Operating on the principles of fetching, decoding, and executing instructions, microprocessors perform arithmetic, logic, control, and input/output operations. Their architecture typically includes an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit, and registers, enabling them to perform complex computations and manage data flow efficiently.
FPGA Modules
Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) Modules are versatile integrated circuits that can be configured by the user after manufacturing. Unlike fixed-function ICs, FPGAs offer a customizable hardware platform that can be programmed to perform a wide range of tasks. They consist of an array of programmable logic blocks and a hierarchy of reconfigurable interconnects, allowing the creation of complex digital circuits. Users can design custom logic circuits by writing code in hardware description languages like VHDL or Verilog, which is then synthesized into a configuration file to program the FPGA. This flexibility makes FPGAs ideal for applications requiring rapid prototyping, custom hardware acceleration, or adaptable processing capabilities.